Understanding the causes of the digital divide is crucial to formulating effective strategies to close the gap. Here are some primary factors:

1. Economic Barriers The cost of digital devices and internet services remains prohibitive for many. According to the World Bank, approximately 85% of people in low-income countries cannot afford a basic internet connection (World Bank).

2. Geographical Disparities Internet infrastructure is often concentrated in urban areas, leaving rural and remote communities with limited or no access to high-speed internet. For instance, in India, while urban areas have an internet penetration rate of 67.6%, rural penetration is only 37.6% (Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI)).

3. Digital Literacy Access alone is not enough. Digital literacy, or the ability to effectively use digital tools, is another barrier. According to a report by UNESCO, 17% of the global population is digitally illiterate, meaning they cannot perform basic tasks like sending emails or browsing the internet (UNESCO).

4. Educational Inequality Access to quality education is closely tied to digital literacy. People with higher levels of education are more likely to use and benefit from digital tools. In countries like India, where 260 million people are illiterate (UNESCO Institute for Statistics), digital exclusion becomes part of a larger educational divide.

5. Cultural and Gender Barriers Cultural norms and gender roles also influence access to technology. In conservative societies, women may have limited access to technology. According to a GSMA report, 390 million women in low- and middle-income countries are excluded from mobile internet usage (GSMA).